Method for establishing an electrical field at a surface of a semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

A thinned backside illuminated charge-coupled imaging device has improved quantum efficiency by providing a sharp ion implant distribution profile (20) disposed at the rear surface (22) of the device. The sharp ion implant distribution profile (20) is formed using ion implantation at a beam energy potential of between 100-150 keV, which forms an electric field beneath the surface of the device. The ion distribution profile (20) is brought to the surface (22) of the device by removing silicon (18) from the rear surface (22), using a polishing technique wherein the device is lapped with colloidal silica abrasive to controllably remove silicon down to the level of the ion implantation profile (20).

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/670,672 filed Mar. 18,1991, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the preparation of semiconductordevices, and more particularly to a method used to establish anelectrical field near a surface of a semiconductor device, and inparticular, a charge-coupled imaging device.

2. Description of the Prior Art

Charge-coupled devices are typically made of silicon and are used assolid-state imagers by taking advantage of the properties of a siliconcrystal lattice. In the crystalline form, each atom of silicon iscovalently bonded to its neighbor. Energy greater than the energy gap ofabout 1.1 eV is required to break a bond and create an electron holepair. Incident electromagnetic radiation in the form of photons ofwavelength shorter than 1 um can break the bonds and generate electronhole pairs.

The wavelength of incoming light and the photon absorption depth aredirectly related, the shorter the wavelength, the shorter thepenetration depth into the silicon. Silicon becomes transparent at awavelength of approximately 1100 nm and is essentially opaque to lightat wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. High energy particles, X-rays andcosmic rays can break many thousands of bonds; therefore, excessiveexposure to these can cause damage to the crystal lattice. Bonds canalso be broken by thermal agitation. At room temperature, approximately50 bonds per second per um³ are broken and recombined on a continuousbasis. The rate of electron hole pair generation due to thermal energyis highly temperature-dependent and can be reduced arbitrarily throughcooling.

In order to measure the electronic charge produced by incident photons,it was required to provide a means for collecting this charge. Thus, thepotential well concept was developed, wherein a thin layer of silicondioxide is grown on a section of silicon, and a conductive gatestructure is formed over the oxide. The gate structure is formed in anarray of columns and rows, thus making it possible, by applying apositive electrical potential to various gate elements, to createdepletion regions where free electrons generated by the incoming photonscan be stored.

By controlling the electrical potential applied to adjacent gates, thedepletion region, or well, containing the free electrons can be causedto migrate along a column or row, so that the signal may eventually beoutput at the edge of the array.

Typically, the gate structure is arranged with multiple phases,particularly three phases, so that the potential wells may be easilymigrated through the silicon to an output device.

In reality, the wells and the migration of the wells is not carried outalong the surface of the silicon-silicon dioxide interface, but takesplace in a buried channel below the surface. The buried channel is freeof interference from interface states and thus assures effective chargetransfer from well to well. The operation of a charge-coupled device issomewhat analogous to that of a bucket brigade circuit commonly used todelay electrical signals.

Because the charge from the wells located far from an output amplifiermust undergo hundreds of transfers, the charge transfer efficiency of acharge-coupled device is most important, as is the quantum efficiencyand the spectral response. These considerations are particularlyimportant when extremely low light levels are to be sensed.

Light normally enters the charge-coupled device by passing through thegates in the silicon dioxide layer. The gates are usually made of verythin polysilicon, which is reasonably transparent to long wavelengthsbut becomes opaque at wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. Thus, at shortwavelengths, the gate structure attenuates incoming light.

In an effort to overcome this difficulty, it has become the practice touniformly thin a charge-coupled device to a thickness of approximately10 um, using acid etching techniques. Using a thinned charge-coupleddevice, it then becomes possible to focus an image on the backside ofthe charge-coupled device, where there is no gate structure that willattenuate the incoming light. Thinned charge-coupled devices exhibithigh sensitivity to light from the soft X-ray to the near-infraredregion of the spectrum.

FIG. 1A illustrates schematically a cross-section of a typicalthick-bodied charge-coupled device. The device includes a silicon body2, a silicon dioxide layer 4 and a gate array 6 formed on the silicondioxide layer. Incoming light is illustrated by arrows 8 as illuminatinga front side of the silicon 2. FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-section of athinned charge-coupled device with light illuminating a backside. Thethinned charge-coupled device, having a thickness of approximately 10um, has improved quantum efficiency and UV spectral response.

In order to improve the quantum efficiency of the charge-coupled device,it is desirable that the free electrons accumulate in the buried channelnear the front surface of the charge-coupled device under the gatestructure. It has become the practice to develop an electronic fieldnear the rear surface of the charge-coupled device to drive electronstowards the front pixel surface, so that the free electrons may beconcentrated in the buried channel. This practice is also used withthinned charge-coupled devices and in such cases, the rear surface ofthe device is subjected to ion implantation of, for example, boron,followed by laser annealing for full implant activation.

One difficulty that has been encountered with this practice is that theboron concentration maximum is not at the rear surface of thecharge-coupled device, but rather is buried below the surface at a depthranging from 2000 Å to over 5000 Å. As a result, the rear surface of thesilicon is at a different potential than the sub-surface silicon. Thissituation may not be undesirable for front-illuminated devices or forrear-illuminated devices for light in the visible spectrum, where photonpenetration is greater than 5000 Å. However, for rear-illuminateddevices, as wavelengths become shorter, the penetration depths shorten,and the photo-electrons see a potential barrier and are essentiallydriven to the rear surface, as opposed to the front surface. As aresult, the quantum efficiency of the device becomes exceedingly low.

To reduce this undesirable phenomenon, ion implantation is generallycarried out at low ion beam energies equal to or slightly greater than 5keV. Such low ion beam energies result in an implantation concentrationmaximum nearer to the rear surface as, for example, at approximately1500 Å. However, with low implantation energies, the ion distributionprofile tends to be rather broad, and a good sharp implantationdistribution is not realized. Further broadening of the distributionprofile occurs when the implantation is laser activated into the siliconmatrix.

Using such techniques, the sub-surface maximum is satisfactory forvisible light, but becomes a major concern and results in loss ofquantum efficiency as wavelengths become shorter and the photonpenetration depths fall below 2000 Å. When this occurs, thephoto-electron sees a potential wall that results in reduced quantumefficiency.

The problem of generating an electrical field at a surface ofsemiconductor material is encountered in many other fields of endeavor.The problem is not limited to the preparation of charge-coupled imagingdevices. In the preparation of solar cells, the same difficulty isrealized.

In order to more fully understand the techniques in ion implantation andthe ion distribution profiles that may be generated, one may refer tothe text entitled VLSI Technology, edited by S. M. Sze, and published byMcGraw-Hill Book Company, and in particular, chapter 6 of said text.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention contemplates a method for generating an electricalfield at a surface of a semiconductor device wherein ions are implantedusing a high implantation energy equal to or greater than 100 keV togenerate a sharp implant distribution profile, which is highlydesirable. However, the electric field developed by high energyimplantation is disposed at a depth greater than that which isdesirable. This difficulty is uniquely overcome by using apostimplant/activation chemi-mechanical thinning technique used toremove a portion of the silicon from the surface of the semiconductordevice, so that the resulting surface is adjacent the maximum implantconcentration.

The method is particularly useful in preparing charge-coupled devices,since it can uniquely provide a steep ion distribution profile having amaximum concentration occurring at a rear surface of the silicon. Theion distribution generates a potential that pushes the photo-inducedelectrons forward towards the potential wells at the front side of thecharge-coupled device. Using this technique, substantially allphoto-induced electrons are pushed towards the pixel wells, evenelectrons induced by UV penetration depths as short as 55 Å.

A primary objective of the present invention is to provide asemiconductor device having an electrical field developed by implantedions located substantially at a surface of the device.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1a and 1b are cross-sectional views of thick and thinnedcharge-coupled devices, respectively.

FIG. 2 is a partial cross-section of a device constructed using thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention will be described in relation to the preparation of acharge-coupled imaging device; however, it is applicable to other typesof devices, particularly the preparation of solar cells.

A standard, commercially-available charge-coupled imaging device, suchas the FA1024L Scientific Imager sold by Ford Aerospace, now Loral, isobtained in wafer form and is thinned to remove silicon from the rearsurface using a thinning technique as described in copendingcommonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/670,841 filed oneven date herewith and entitled, "Thinned Charge-Coupled Devices andMethod for Making the Same" now U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,251.

Using the method taught in the co-pending application, the devicescontained on the wafer are first tested to identify properly operatingdevices, after which the wafer is diced to provide individual dies, eachconsisting of one charge-coupled device. The individual dies are mountedto a glass substrate, as described in detail in the co-pendingapplication. The device is then thinned, using a two-stepchemi-mechanical thinning technique, including a grinding step performedwith a lapper, followed by a polishing step, so that the device has athickness of approximately 10 um. After the device is thinned using thetechnique of the co-pending application, and prior to a bonding padexposure step of the co-pending application, the charge-coupled deviceis implanted with boron to form an electrical field, an inherentlynegative field, for driving free electrons towards the pixel wells.

The ion implantation techniques used to practice the present inventionare standard techniques described in the afore-mentioned text. The rearsurface of a thinned charge-coupled device is implanted with boron at anion beam energy level of between 100-150 keV. The ion beam is adjustedso that implantation is at a beam angle of about 7°. The ionimplantation yields a boron concentration of between 1×10¹⁹ -1×10²⁰boron atoms per cubic centimeter of silicon.

The ion beam angle range is typically from 0° to 7°. For implantationinto <100> silicon, where the atomic crystal density is lowest, maximumion interaction with the silicon atoms is achieved and the concentrationmaximum is kept shallow.

The boron is then incorporated into the silicon matrix by laseractivation using an excimer laser at 248 nm with a beam energy at thesilicon surface of 560 mJ/cm². For full implant activation, about 20laser pulses are required. Other activation wavelengths can be used.However, greatest thermal anneal efficiency will result at a wavelengthfor which there is maximum interaction with the silicon and results inthe greatest temperature increase. For silicon this wavelength is about280 nm; however, 500 nm could be used. The power level used must beabove the activation threshold of 400 mJ/cm² but below the silicondamage threshold of 700 mJ/cm².

Higher ion beam energies, up to approximately 160 keV, increase thenarrowness of the implant distribution at the expense of a deeperdistribution profile. Since the laser anneal will result in a broadeningof the distribution, the highest ion beam energy practical is desired tohave a narrow profile after annealing and skimming.

After the implantation procedure, the device is then ready for theskimming operation of the present invention. The skimming operationtakes place using the identical polishing technique described in thecopending application, wherein the device is mounted in a lappingmachine and is lapped using a Nalco colloidal silica abrasive with an 80nm grit on a urethane polishing pad, and a Pyrex ring in the lappingmachine to control the lapping process. In the procedure of thecopending application, the silicon removal rate is approximately 9um/hour, or 0.15 um per minute. For the present invention, the loadexerted by the lapping machine is reduced, so that the removal rate isapproximately 0.05 um/minute, thereby providing sufficient control toeasily and precisely remove silicon with an accuracy to ±0.025 um, whichequates to ±250 Å.

Using this technique, removal of all of the silicon between the backsurface and the implant concentration maximum is practical. It has beendiscovered that even if a small excess, such as 250 Å, of the implantedsilicon is removed, the implant concentration maximum and electricalpotential field maximum will still be at the new back side surface.Removing a slight excess of the implanted back side silicon will ensurethat the highest electrical potential occurs at the back side surface,and that all photo-electrons, regardless of the penetration depths, willbe driven forward to the pixel wells of the charge-coupled device.

After application of the skimming technique, the charge-coupled deviceis further processed, as described in the co-pending application, sothat the aluminum bonding pads are exposed. After the aluminum bondingpads have been exposed, the device appears as shown partially incross-section in FIG. 2. The structure includes a glass substrate 10, anepoxy layer 12, a layer of silicon 14 in which the potential wells ofthe charge-coupled device are formed, exposed aluminum bonding pads 16and the remainder of the thinned silicon body 18. A region 20 containsimplanted ions for establishing an electrical field at a rear surface22. Hence, as shown in FIG. 2, the electrical field in the region 20 isdisposed opposing the charged-coupled devices formed in the layer ofsilicon 14. The device may then be mounted in a package, with thealuminum bonding pads wire-bonded to the package contact pins.

Thus, the above-described procedure uniquely provides a charge-coupledimaging device having significantly improved quantum efficiency. Theimproved quantum efficiency is realized by developing a sharp implantdistribution profile which is uniquely located at the rear siliconsurface, so that all free electrons are driven to the front surface andthe pixel wells.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device, comprising:a body ofsemiconductor material, said body having a front, front surface, a rear,and a rear surface, the rear including a layer of single typesemiconductor material; said layer of single type material having aregion of implanted dopant ions having a maximum concentrationsubstantially at the rear surface of the body, whereby a negativeelectrical field is established in the rear of said body so as to drivephotoelectrons impinging on the rear surface toward the front of saidbody regardless of penetration depth.
 2. A semiconductor device asdescribed in claim 1, wherein the device has a thickness ofapproximately 10 um.
 3. A semiconductor device as described in claim 1,wherein the semiconductor material is silicon and the body has athickness of approximately 10 um.
 4. A semiconductor device as describedin claim 1, wherein the ion concentration is in the range of 1×10¹⁹-1×10²⁰ ions per cubic centimeter.
 5. A semiconductor device asdescribed in claim 1, wherein the device is a charge-coupled imagingdevice and additionally includes a plurality of gates formed on a frontsurface of the body of semiconductor material, and the region ofimplanted dopant ions is near a rear surface of the device.
 6. Acharge-coupled imaging device as described in claim 5, wherein the ionconcentration is in the range of 1×10¹⁹ -1×10²⁰ ions per cubiccentimeter.